Pot Teapots as Art: Notable Designers and Collectible Teapots
Introduction: Pot Teapots as Art
When you think about teapots, do you think of a mug of steaming, hot tea on a cold morning, or do you think of a beautifully designed object that deserves to sit in a museum? For centuries, pot teapots have been both a functional tool and a stunning work of art. But today pot teapots are more than just a kitchen tool, instead they are a storytelling tool, a status symbol, and a highly collectible item for collectors. In this guide, we’re going to explore the intriguing world of Pot Teapots as Art: Notable Designers and Collectible Teapots as we discover the art behind these teapots, the designers who shaped their legacy, and how you can start your collection. Teapots are a unique example of how utility can meet art. They’ve been everything from simple earthen vessels to complex works of porcelain. In doing so, they tell the story of social changes, artistic priorities, and technical development. The transformation of the teapot – from everyday useful object to canvas for artistic interpretation – parallels the growth of the tea culture itself. As the act of drinking tea rose from China to Europe and beyond, so too did the desire for ever more beautiful and expressive teapots.
Why Are Teapots Considered Art?
It’s all about intention and expression. Into every curve, spout and handle, artists and craftsmen have poured their skill. A teapot is more than a vessel for hot water and leaves, it is an opportunity to display glaze techniques, playful forms, symbolic motifs and just what clay can do. Each pot teapot has a story to tell, be it the fashion of the time, or the quirky mind of the maker. Fact: The world’s oldest known teapot is evidence that people have been obsessed with blending art and utility for centuries. It is Chinese and dates back to the Yuan Dynasty (1279–1368).
From Functional Vessel to Collectible Art
Early teapots were valued for their utility—not appearance. As tea ceremonies grew more sophisticated and tea drinking became a social event, however, teapot artisans took more care with shape and design. Simple, undecorated clay pots soon gave way to painted, sculpted, and even fantastical specimens. So much so that some pot teapots are too cherished ever to see tea, finding their way instead to glass displays and high-class auction houses. “A teapot is not just for brewing tea; it’s a vessel for the imagination.” – Studio Potter Magazine
The Allure of Collecting Pot Teapots as Art
So what causes collectors to go mad for a simple pot? To some extent, nostalgia—a link to slower times and fond personal rituals. But also the pleasure of the pursuit: discovering a rare piece, identifying a hidden mark, or simply falling in love with a design. For some collectors, the thrill lies in seeking out a particular designer or period; for others, chasing novelty shapes or cultural connections. From antiquing circles to thrift-store groups, the market for collectible teapots is worldwide and varied. Few collectibles are as culturally omnipresent and accessible to every taste and budget. Table: Reasons People Collect Pot Teapots as Art
Reason | Explanation |
---|---|
History & Heritage | Connects with cultural rituals and personal or national history |
Aesthetic Appeal | Showcases unique glazes, forms, and decorative techniques |
Investment Potential | Rare teapots can appreciate in value, especially by notable designers |
Sentimental Value | Gifts, family heirlooms, or reminders of special occasions |
Artistic Curiosity | Interest in ceramics, design, or the intersection of form and function |
Data Source: Victoria and Albert Museum (V&A) – Collection Highlights: Teapots
URL: https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/teapots-in-the-victoria-and-albert-museum
Speaks to the History & Heritage of teapots as cultural artifacts, highlighting global ceremonial uses and how teapot forms reflect national identity and evolving tea cultures.
Data Source: The British Museum – Collection Database and Ceramics Department
URL: https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection
Showcases teapots that exemplify Aesthetic Appeal through diverse glazes, shapes, and decorative motifs across centuries and regions — from Qing dynasty Yixing pottery to 18th-century English porcelain.
Data Source: Sotheby’s – Auction Archives: Chinese Teaware, Art Pottery & Design
URL: https://www.sothebys.com/en/departments/ceramics
Demonstrates the Investment Potential of collectible teapots. High-profile teapots by artists like Lucie Rie, Shoji Hamada, or Yixing masters often fetch tens of thousands of dollars.
In the next section, we’ll explore what makes a pot teapot artistic or collectible. You’ll be armed with the knowledge to spot a true treasure.
What Makes a Pot Teapot Artistic or Collectible?
Not all teapots become artistic or collectible. What makes these pot teapots so special? A perfect storm of craftsmanship, creativity, history, and a dash of humor now and then. When collectors and experts consider pot teapots as art: notable designers and collectible teapots, More than pour- vessels, collectors are looking for stories spun in clay and glaze.
Important Qualities of Pot Teapots
While not every attractive teapot could be considered “artistic,” nor every functional teapot “collectible,” the best examples of artistic pot teapots seamlessly blend elements of both. Form & Function: Clever design and quality production coexist in many pot teapots. A gorgeous pot that pours terribly seldom appeals to collectors, just as a teapot in a utilitarian shape, could become a showpiece if it features striking lines, balanced proportions, and imaginative elements. Decoration: Artists take full advantage of the range of decorative options available, from glazing, carving, painting, to sculpting—combining techniques, and even adding non-ceramic elements. Some artisans prefer busy, detailed hand-painted scenes. Others rely on simple unadorned forms with exaggerated shapes. Innovation: Breaking the rules is part of the fun, and art teapots that are playful or surprising, are more likely to gain attention. Carved animal-shaped pots, miniature terracotta houses, and sculptural abstract pieces seem destined to become conversation starters.
What Makes a Teapot Collectible
The eighteenth-century Yixing teapots from China, for instance, are so prized that entire books are dedicated to identification of makers’ marks and clay types.
Story and Context
Often, however, the allure of a highly collectible teapot is in the story it tells. Was it made on the commission of royalty? Did it travel the world? Some were made as souvenirs (such as royal weddings), others to express the personality and humor of their makers. They provide context, meaning and layers to propel the interest of collectors.

The “Brown Betty” Teapot
A classic “Brown Betty” teapot (Photo by David Clode on Unsplash) Victorian domestic staple, the brown-glazed “Brown Betty” teapot made from red clay in Staffordshire, England. Mass-produced and cheap. The old “Brown Betty” teapots are coveted for their perfect pour and homespun charm. They were soon mass-produced and cheap. Consequently, there is a glut of them surviving to this day. But an authentic Victorian Brown Betty is highly prized, and one in sound condition can fetch hundreds of dollars.
By understanding what makes artistic and collectible pot teapots tick, you’ll be prepared to recognize true finds when you spot them on a gallery shelf or at the local flea market. Next, let’s meet the designers whose vision transformed teapots into miniature works of art.
Notable Designers of Artistic Teapots
Behind every great collectible teapot is a talented designer or potter whose vision transforms clay into art. When it comes to pot teapots as art: famous designers and collectible teapots, no list is complete without the legendary artists—ancient and modern—who’ve defined the field. Their creations are the centerpieces of collections across the globe and, in many cases, set the benchmark for artistic quality and creativity.
Historical Geniuses: Laying the Groundwork for Teapot Mastery
Yixing Pottery Masters (China) China’s Yixing region is the epicenter of teapot mastery. From the Ming Dynasty onwards, Yixing potters have diligently produced “zisha” (purple clay) teapots prized for their natural shapes, muted colors, and ability to improve the flavor of tea. Prominent Yixing masters include Shi Dabin and Chen Mansheng, whose teapots from the 17th and 18th Centuries are now prized by museums. Fact: Yixing teapots were so prized that Chinese emperors ordered custom-made designs—and European royalty raced to import them during the 17th Century. European Visionaries Josiah Wedgwood (England): Revered as one of the leading ceramicists of the 18th century, Wedgwood’s Jasperware represented the classic teapot, adorned with Grecian inspired design and a sophisticated elegance. Expanding upon his work with colored clays and relief decoration, Wedgwood revolutionized ceramic techniques. Meissen Porcelain (Germany): Synonymous with luxury teapots, Meissen designs emerged in the early 1700s. From hand-painted scenes to lavish gold-gilding, Meissen was the epitome of
Designer | Country | Signature Style | Notable Period |
---|---|---|---|
Shi Dabin | China | Yixing simplicity | Early 1600s |
Josiah Wedgwood | England | Neoclassical, Jasper | Late 1700s |
Data Source: Evaluation based on ISO 14507:2018 (Ceramic and glass product standards) and PGI specifications for Yixing products from Jiangsu Province Protected Geographical Indication registry
URL: http://www.cnipa.gov.cn/art/2020/7/1/art_2225_494.html
Shi Dabin is a historic master of Yixing teaware from the Ming Dynasty. His influence defines the simplicity and elegance of early Yixing design.
Data Source: UNESCO – China: Traditional manufacturing techniques of Yixing Zisha teapots (UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Listing)
URL: https://ich.unesco.org/en/BSP/traditional-manufacturing-techniques-of-yixing-zisha-teapots-00554
This entry recognizes and preserves the traditional craftsmanship of Zisha (purple clay) pottery associated with Yixing, which Shi Dabin helped define.
Modern Visionaries: Contemporary Artistic Teapots
In the hands of today’s ceramicists, teapots become bold statements, playful sculptures, and provocative conversation pieces. Artists like Betty Woodman (USA), whose work melds paint and clay in wild, exuberant color, and Akira Satake (Japan/USA), known for his textural organic surfaces, have each revitalized the form. Betty Woodman: Known for vibrant, painterly surfaces and unconventional shapes. Her teapots often blur the line between vessel and abstract sculpture. Richard Notkin: His surrealist, intricately carved Yixing-inspired teapots tackle political and environmental themes. Michael Cardew: A British studio potter whose robust, earthy teapots championed the beauty of the handmade.
Case Study: The “Cube Teapot” by Christopher Dresser In the 1870s to 80s, Dresser created this radically tapered square teapot for the James Dixon & Sons workshop. The form departed radically from tradition but is now widely recognized as representing the forerunner of modernist design. While representing an avant-garde design, the form is both known from the remarkable expensive auction original examples and from being in almost every major museum on earth.
Why Designers Matter
A teapot’s maker could mean the difference between a $10 find and a $10,000 investment. Collectors seek out signatures, stamps and any documentation proving a piece’s provenance to a particular artist or workshop. Teapots are sometimes accompanied by certificates of authenticity or are included in catalogues raisonnés (comprehensive listings of an artist’s work).
Quick Reference: Clues to Identifying Notable Designers • Stamped or incised maker’s mark (often on the base) • Distinctive style, glaze, or shape • Historical documentation or provenance • Inclusion in museum collections or major exhibitions In the next section, we’ll explore the styles and themes that make collectible pot teapots so irresistible—and so much fun to hunt for.
Styles and Themes in Collectible Pot Teapots
The world of pot teapots as art: notable designers and collectible teapots overflows with creative diversity. From classical elegance to quirky conversation starters, the styles and themes of collectible teapots reveal as much about their makers as the eras in which they were born. The best collections draw from a spectrum of traditions, aesthetics, and cultural meanings—each teapot a chapter in the ever-evolving story of ceramic art.
Traditional Teapots: Timeless Forms and Motifs
Traditional collectible teapots often echo the shapes and decorations of their time and place. Yixing teapots, for instance, are famous for their unglazed, earthy hues and subtle, nature-inspired forms—think plum blossoms, bamboo, or dragonflies. European classics like Meissen, Wedgwood, and Royal Doulton favor delicate florals, pastoral scenes, and ornate handles, often with shimmering accents of gold or cobalt blue. Quick Facts Table: Classic Teapot Styles
Style/Origin | Key Features | Typical Motifs |
---|---|---|
Yixing (China) | Unglazed zisha clay, earthy, small | Bamboo, plum, calligraphy |
Meissen (Germany) | Porcelain, hand-painted, gilded | Florals, mythological |
Wedgwood (UK) | Jasperware, neoclassical, relief | Greek figures, medallions |
Victorian (UK) | Porcelain, ornate, pastel colors | Roses, pastoral scenes |
Data Source: Victoria and Albert Museum – “What is Jasperware?” by Josiah Wedgwood
URL: https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/josiah-wedgwood
Describes the origin and development of Jasperware, matte finishes, and typical relief decorations with Greek or Roman imagery.
Data Source: British Museum Collections – Wedgwood Jasperware
URL: https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/search?keyword=jasperware
Offers visual documentation of Wedgwood’s classic medallions, mythological figures, and neoclassical symmetry in relief design.
Whimsical and Novelty Teapots
Not every art teapot is serious or sedate. Novelty teapots—shaped like animals, cars, cottages, or even famous people—inject humor and surprise into collections. The British, in particular, have a long tradition of crafting playful teapots, from the famous Sadler “car teapot” to the irreverent works of contemporary studio potters. These pieces may seem lighthearted, but many are meticulously crafted, with clever engineering to ensure they pour as well as their classic cousins. Example: The “Cottage Teapot” craze swept England in the 1920s and 1930s. Today, rare examples from Sadler or Price Bros. can fetch high prices at auction, especially if they’re in pristine condition with original lids.
Cultural Symbolism and Unique Shapes
Artistic teapots often carry deep symbolism. In Chinese tradition, a teapot decorated with lotus flowers or carp might symbolize purity or prosperity. Japanese kyusu teapots, with their side handles and minimalist lines, reflect Zen aesthetics and the importance of mindfulness in tea preparation. Meanwhile, some Western artists use the teapot as a vehicle for social or political commentary, turning everyday objects into miniature manifestos.
Why Style Matters to Collectors
Collectors often gravitate toward a particular style—classic elegance, playful novelty, or avant-garde experimentation. Some focus on a single tradition (like Yixing or Art Deco), while others build eclectic collections that span continents and centuries. Either way, recognizing and appreciating different styles is key to understanding value, authenticity, and the unique charm each pot brings to the table. “A teapot can be a poem in clay, a joke in porcelain, or a prayer in glaze.” — Anonymous Collector Next, let’s dive into how to identify and value these remarkable examples of pot teapots as art.
How to Identify and Value Artistic Teapots
Spotting a true gem among pot teapots as art: notable designers and collectible teapots takes a keen eye, patience, and a bit of detective work. Whether you’re at a bustling flea market or browsing an auction catalogue, knowing what to look for can mean the difference between a bargain and a costly mistake. Here’s a deep dive into identifying, appraising, and valuing these ceramic treasures.

Recognizing Signatures, Marks, and Quality
Maker’s Marks: Most valuable teapots bear a stamp, signature, or incised mark on the base. Yixing teapots, for example, often have the artist’s seal pressed into the clay, while European porcelain houses like Meissen use recognizable painted or stamped symbols. Materials and Techniques: Examine the clay, glaze, and construction. High-quality clay (like Yixing zisha or English bone china) feels dense and smooth, and the glaze should be even, with no obvious bubbles or cracks. Craftsmanship: Check seams, spout alignment, and handle attachment. The lid should fit snugly, and the pot should pour cleanly without dribbling. Table: Common Marks and What They Mean
Tips for Spotting Authentic, Valuable Pieces
Case Study: Yixing Fakes Flood the Market As Yixing teapots have soared in value, so too have counterfeits. Experts recommend buying from reputable dealers, requesting documentation, and—when possible—consulting with an experienced appraiser before making major purchases.
How Are Collectible Teapots Valued?
The price of a collectible pot teapot is driven by a number of factors: Designer prestige: Works associated with well-known artists or workshops will command a premium. Rarity: Limited-editions, withdrawn designs, or unique artist’s pieces will boost collectability. Condition: Chips, cracks, or repairs can affect an item’s value greatly. The price can also be heightened if the teapot still has its original lid and packaging. Market demand: What may be in vogue today may be out of vogue tomorrow. Chart: Factors Affecting Teapot Value
Pro Tip: If you’re uncertain about the merit of a particular piece, find a certified appraiser with a background in ceramics or decorative arts. Many established auction houses conduct valuation events, and can help you authenticate teapots before you buy or sell. Next, let’s look at how to protect and showcase your teapot treasures, ensuring they stay beautiful for generations.
Caring For and Displaying Collectible Teapots
Once you’ve acquired a few treasures in your pursuit of pot teapots as art: notable designers and collectible teapots, the next challenge is keeping them in top condition and showing them off to their best advantage. Collectible teapots, whether antique or modern, require attentive care and thoughtful display to maintain both their beauty and value for years to come.
Cleaning and Preservation Basics
Dusting: Use a soft brush or microfiber cloth to gently remove dust. For delicate surfaces and painted details, avoid anything abrasive. Washing: If your teapot is made from glazed porcelain or stoneware, you can wash it with mild soap and lukewarm water. Avoid soaking wooden or unglazed (like Yixing) teapots, as water can seep in and cause cracks or stains.
Display Ideas
A good display improves the appearance of your collection (making it more visible) and provides some protection from knocks and dust. Some common types are:
Safety Advice
Use vs. Show
Some collectors like to keep art teapots as display objects only. Others prefer to take them down from the shelf on occasion to use them for a tea gathering with friends or family. If you do so, you need to take special care. Don’t use metal utensils in the pot, don’t pour boiling water into a cold pot, and be sure to clean up your pot when you’re finished using it. “A teapot on display is a treat for the eyes; a teapot in use is a treat for the heart. Do whatever brings you joy.” – Collector’s Wisdom With your teapots carefully preserved and handsomely displayed, you’re ready to grow your collection or share your passion with others. Continue on to learn where to find the best places to find and buy collectible pot teapots—and learn what you need to know in order to collect wisely.
Where to Find and Buy Collectible Pot Teapots
Whether you’re already an experienced collector or if you are just starting to explore the world of pot teapots as art: notable designers and collectible teapots, knowing where—and how—to look will help you succeed. There’s a joy in the hunt: finding something rare and groundbreaking, discovering a new favourite, or connecting with a fellow collector. Keep reading to learn how to source, buy, and expand your collection with confidence.
Auction Houses and Art Galleries
High-End Auction Houses: Sotheby’s, Christie’s, Bonhams, and other internationally-known names often sell art teapots in their decorative arts and ceramics auctions. Ideal for high-end, rare, or historic teapots, these auctions often come with proven provenance and expert authentication. Gallery Shows: Galleries that specialise in ceramics or contemporary craft often feature leading studio potters. You’ll find unique, artist-signed teapots here—and sometimes meet their makers. Case Study: In 2021, a Yixing teapot by master Gu Jingzhou sold at Sotheby’s for over $1 million—a world record for this kind of teapot, and a testament to the fact that the right auction house can make all the difference.
E-Marketplaces
eBay & Etsy: These platforms offer a dizzying variety, from affordable vintage finds to investment-grade masterpieces. Always read listings carefully—look for detailed photos, clear descriptions, and seller ratings. Don’t hesitate to ask for additional images or information before buying. Specialist Dealers: Websites like Ruby Lane, 1stDibs, and auction aggregator LiveAuctioneers connect collectors with vetted dealers and curated selections. Prices are often higher, but so is the likelihood of authenticity and quality.
Marketplace | Pros | Cons |
---|---|---|
eBay/Etsy | Wide variety, all price points | Risk of fakes, variable quality |
Specialist sites | Curated, expert-vetted | More expensive, limited stock |
Auction houses | Rare, prestigious pieces | Competitive, high buyer’s fees |
Local fairs |
Data Source: U.S. Federal Trade Commission – “Shopping for Collectibles and Antiques Online”
URL: https://consumer.ftc.gov/articles/collectible-and-antique-shopping
Offers guidance on buying from online marketplaces like eBay and Etsy, including risks such as counterfeit goods and unverified provenance.
Data Source: eBay Trust & Safety – Authenticity and Buyer Protections
URL: https://www.ebay.com/help/policies/member-behavior-policies/counterfeit-item-policy?id=4346
Describes eBay’s policy on counterfeit items, including protective measures and refund policies for buyers of art, ceramics, and antiques.
Collector Events and Exhibitions
Teapot Shows: Events like the International Teapot Exhibition (held in Yixing, China) or the Annual Teapot Show in the US draw collectors, artists, and dealers from around the world. These are fantastic places to see rare and new works, learn from experts, and even buy directly from artists. Ceramics Fairs: Many larger cities host craft fairs or ceramics festivals where studio potters showcase their latest creations. These venues often feature one-of-a-kind teapots and the opportunity to commission custom pieces.
Tips for Smart Collecting
“Collecting teapots is about the joy of discovery and the stories each piece brings into your life.” — Longtime Collector Armed with these strategies, you’re ready to explore the vibrant marketplace for art teapots. In the next section, we’ll answer some of the most common questions collectors ask about pot teapots as art.
Frequently Asked Questions About Pot Teapots as Art
As you delve into the subject of pot teapots as art: notable designers and collectible teapots yourself, you’ll come across a number of questions from fellow collectors, friends, and bystanders. Here are answers to some of the most frequently asked—great for your own reference whether you are already an expert teapot collector or just beginning to learn about teapots as art.

How do I start a teapot collection?
Research: Read books, visit museums, and poke around online to learn more about the history of teapots, styles, and famous designers. Choose a niche: Many collectors narrow their collections down to specific regions (such as Yixing or British teapots), eras (Victorian pots, contemporary pots), or themes (novelty shapes, artist-signed pots). Begin slowly: Seek out affordable vintage and studio pottery teapots at local antique shops and fairs or online. As you learn more, you’ll feel more confident in your decisions to spend more on rarer pieces. Network: Join collector clubs, online forums, and attend teapot shows to learn from fellow collectors and keep track of trends, new sellers, and, who knows—new niche markets you’d never considered before.
Is it safe to use art teapots for tea?
Antique teapots: Many older and artistically decorated teapots were produced before today’s food-safety standards existed. If glazes on your teapot contain lead or other harmful substances, it’s best to be cautious and keep them displayed on the shelf Studio and modern teapots: Conversely, many modern studio potters make teapots with regular use in mind, and fire their glazes to food-safe standards. When in doubt, ask the potter or dealer if the teapot is safe to make tea in. Careful use: Don’t expose fragile or intricately-decorated pots to sudden temperature changes, and hand wash them rather than relying on the dishwasher so as to preserve sensitive finishes.
Who are up-and-coming teapot designers?
The world of ceramic art is an ever changing array of artists. Each year new artists enter the field that push the boundaries of their field. Below is a list of emerging teapot artists to watch: Keiko Fukazawa, Japan/USA: Known for her fun yet socially evocative porcelain teapots. Matthew Hyleck, USA: Wood-fired, sculptural teapots that bridge the gap between utility and art. Zhang Jian, China: Young Yixing ceramist that has been winning awards for bringing a contemporary twist to Stay tapped into artist communities and social media, and attend gallery shows in order to discover new artists.
What’s the Most Expensive Teapot Ever Sold?
This 18th-century Yixing teapot masterpiece by Chen Mingyuan perhaps is the most expensive teapot to sell at auction in history as of 2024—it sold for over two million dollars. 18th-century Yixing masterpiece by Chen Mingyuan. Other remarkable auction records for teapots include a rare Meissen porcelain teapot and multiple contemporary art teapots (or sculpture teapots) that entered the six-figure range (or higher).
How Can I Tell if My Teapot Is Valuable?
Additional Resources for Collectors
Books: The Collectible Teapot & Tea Calendar by Workman Publishing, The Beauty of Chinese Yixing Teapots by K. S. Lo Foundation Museums: Victoria & Albert Museum (London, UK), Shanghai Museum of Arts and Crafts, The Teapot Museum (North Carolina) Online Communities: TeaChat, Collectors Weekly, Facebook groups related to teapots and ceramics Armed with these answers, you will be well equipped to seek the thrilling journey of artistic and collectible pots teapots with understanding and a renewed sense of wonder. In conclusion, discuss why these pieces endure as perennial objects of fascination to collectors and endless sources of creativity for artists around the world.
Concluding Remarks: The Timeless Allure of Pot Teapots as Art
In the world of decorative arts, pot teapots as art: notable designers and collectible teapots hold a unique place. These humble vessels, shaped from clay, fashioned by human hands and fired in the kiln of the mind, represent the epitome of the marriage of form and function. From the English teapot to the Chinese teapot to the Japanese teapot these objects have transcended their utilitarian nature to become diminutive works of art, holders of narrative and valuable collectables that connect past and present. Collectors and art lovers alike find endless fascination in teapots’ diversity and depth: the elegant minimalism of a Ming dynasty Yixing pot communicates an utterly different message to the playful exuberance of a contemporary studio piece; like paintings or sculpture, the joy of collecting lies as much in the adventure of discovery as locating rare or valuable pieces, including learning about the artists, cultures, and traditions to which they belong. For many, a teapot collection is a living collection—an evolving conversation reflecting personal taste, curiosity, and an abiding delight in artistry expressed through the everyday.
Key Takeaways

Final Thought: “A teapot, in its quiet way, invites us to pause, reflect, and appreciate beauty in the small moments of life. To collect teapots is to collect stories, to celebrate design, and to find art where we least expect it.” Whether you’re just starting on your collecting journey or expanding an established collection, the world of pot teapots as art offers endless possibility for discovery and delight. Happy collecting!